A Beginner's Guide to Vim: Master Vim in One Document.

Introduction

Vim is renowned for its speed, efficiency, and versatility, making it an invaluable tool for developers and writers alike. Mastering Vim can supercharge your text editing workflow and revolutionize the way you work with text. In this blog post, we'll provide a beginner's guide to Vim, equipping you with the essentials to start using Vim and harness its full potential. Get ready to unlock a new level of productivity and efficiency with Vim!

Prerequisites

No significant prior knowledge is required; however, having a basic understanding of the Linux terminal is beneficial. If you're new to the terminal, consider exploring introductory resources. This will better equip you to make the most of this guide and enhance your learning experience. Let's get started on our journey to mastering Vim!

Definition and History of Vim

Vim, pronounced /vɪm/, is a text editor built by Bram Moolenaar and released to the public in 1991 as an improved clone of Vi. Vi is an older editor built by Bill Joy in 1976. During the 90s, Vi was lacking behind other editors like Emacs, so Bram implemented missing features to bridge the gap. Bram named the new editor Vim a contraction of Vi IMproved.

Vim is a free and open-source lightweight text editor with a wide range of features that can be used to edit files. Vim is highly customizable, allowing users to personalize the editor. Vim is available in Linux, Mac, and Windows. Though Vim traditionally exists only in CLIs, there are now GUI versions of the editor.

Installations and Configurations

Installation of Vim on Linux

Run the command below to update your system's list of available packages.

$ sudo apt-get update

Run the command below to install Vim.

$ sudo apt-get install vim

To ensure that Vim is correctly installed, execute the command below.

$ which vim

The output of the execution of the command above should be as shown below, displaying the location Vim is installed.

output when which command is executed

Installation on Windows Platform

Follow the simple steps below to install Vim on your Windows machine.

Visit the official Vim download website here vim.org.
Download the .exe installer compatible with your machine.
Double-click on the installer and follow the on-screen instructions to complete the installation.

Configurations

You can configure your Vim to be suitable for your needs. You can do this by creating and editing the .vimrc file. The .vimrc file is a configuration file located in the home directory. The .vimrc file contains a set of commands that are used to configure Vim. These commands can be used to set the color scheme, the tab, the width, the syntax highlighting, and many other settings. Use the instructions below to number lines in Vim.

Navigate to your home directory.
```
 $ cd ~
```
Create the .vimrc file.
```
 $ touch .vimrc
```
Open the file and write the desired command. For example, if we want to enable line numbers to ease file navigation. Write the command below in the .vimrc file to do just that.
```
 set number
```

For information on more configuration settings, click here.

Vim Modes

Vim is a modal editor, meaning that it has different modes for different tasks. The most common Vim modes are:

Normal mode: This is the default mode, and it is used for moving around the text and carrying out text editing operations like copy, cut, paste, etc. Press Esc to move from any mode to the Normal mode.
Command-line mode: This mode is used for entering commands to Vim. Press : to enter the command-line mode from the Normal mode. The commands are shown in the bottom-left corner of the Vim interface.
Insert mode: This mode is used for inserting text into the file. Press i to enter the insert mode from the Normal mode.
Visual mode: This mode is used for selecting text. Press v to enter the Visual mode from the Normal mode.

Getting Started with Vim

Launching Vim

You can open Vim from the Command-line executing the command below.

$ vim

Which will display the Vim homepage below.

Creating a new file on Vim

You can create a new file on Vim by entering the command while in command-line mode, as shown in the image below. If the file VIM_Tutorial exists, the command will open it. If the file does not exist, it will create it.
You can also open or create a new file directly from your terminal with the command below. If the file VIM_Tutorial exists, the command will open it. If the file does not exist, it will create it.
```
 $ vim VIM_Tutorial
```

Inserting Text

You have to switch to insert mode to start inserting text. You can do this by using any of the commands below.

Command	Function
`i`	The `i` command is the most common way to switch to insert mode. It inserts text at the cursor's current position.
`I`	This command will switch to insert mode at the beginning of the line.
`a`	This command will switch to insert mode one position after the cursor's position.
`A`	This command will switch to insert mode at the end of the line.
`o`	This command will create a new line and switch to insert mode on that line.
`O`	This command will create a new line before the current line and switch to insert mode on that line.

Navigating the text on Vim

You can navigate text files easily using the key shortcuts listed in the table below. The key shortcuts work in normal mode except insert mode. However, in insert mode, you can navigate text files using the arrow keys.

Keyboard Shortcut	Function
`h`	Move the cursor to the left by one position.
`l`	Move the cursor to the right by one position.
`k`	Move the cursor in an upward direction by one line.
`j`	Move the cursor in a downward direction by one line.
`b`	Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous word.
`e`	Move the cursor to the end of the current word.
`w`	Move the cursor to the beginning of the next word.

You can also combine a number with commands in the table above in the format NumberCommand to move the cursor by Number position(s) along the direction of the Command at a time. For example, you can use 15h to move the cursor to the left by 15 positions.

Command	Function
`0`	Move the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
`$`	Move the cursor to the end of the current line.
`Ctrl` + `f`	Scroll up the entire page.
`Ctrl` + `b`	Scroll down the entire page.

Text Editing Operations

Cut, Copy, and paste actions

Often you would need to perform cut, copy, and paste operations on text and Vim provides commands for these actions.

Command	Functions
`x`	Cut or delete a character after the cursor position.
`X`	Cut or delete a character before the cursor position.
`y`	Copy or yank a character from the cursor position.
`p`	Paste the character after the cursor position.
`P`	Paste the character before the cursor position.
`dw`	Delete one word from the cursor position.
`D`	Delete the entire line from the cursor position.
`dd`	Delete the entire line.
`Y`	Copy the entire line.
`yy`	Copy the entire line.

You can also perform multi-line or multi-word operations combining a number with the command in the format NumberCommand to move the cursor by Number of times the effect of the Command at a time. For example, you can use 15dw to delete 15 words from the cursor position at a time.

Search

Search operations are very valuable in locating specific pieces of text within a document or codebase. In this part, we will cover the commands used in VIM to perform search operations.

Searching in the forward direction

/<search text>

After entering the search command, you can navigate through the search results using n to move to the next occurrence and N to move to the previous occurrence.

Searching in the backward direction

?<search text>

Also, you can navigate through the search results using N to move to the next occurrence and n to move to the previous occurrence.

Searching multiple files

To search through multiple files in Vim, use the :vimgrep command. In the code snippet below, vimgrep is utilized to search for the word 'pointers' in all text files.

: vimgrep pointers *.txt

In the same vein, you can navigate through the search results using :cn to move to the next occurrence and :cN to move to the previous occurrence.

Find and Replace

There are two common methods of performing search and replace in Vim.

Using Slash and Dot

This is the basic way of performing search and replace. This can be done by entering the /<search term>. For example, if we want to search for the term functions and replace it with subroutines , we would enter the command below while in Vim normal mode.

/functions

Upon entering the command, Vim will promptly find the first occurrence of the word "functions," moving forward from the current cursor position. Simply press Enter to navigate directly to it. Now, you can effortlessly utilize the cgn command to make changes as needed.

cgn

Vim will delete the word functions currently under the cursor and put you in insert mode. You can then edit the text right away and press to apply the change.

However, searching for a word that appears multiple times with this method can become monotonous and time-consuming. To address this, an effective solution is introduced.

Using the Substitute Command

The Vim editor substitute command offers a solution for executing both simple and complex search and replace operations. The substitute command has the syntax below.

:s/<search_phrase>/<replace_phrase>/options

The command ":s" in stands for "substitute," and it allows us to search for a specific word, denoted by "search_phrase," and replace it with another word, represented by "replace_phrase." The options available include "c" for confirmation, "i" for ignoring the case, and "g" to replace all occurrences.

To search and replace all occurrences of functions with subroutines , we will use the command below.

:%s/functions/subroutines/g

Undo and Redo

Undo

In Vim, you can undo actions using simple commands enabling you to revert changes easily.

The u command is used to undo single action. To undo a certain amount of actions at once, combine the number with the command. For example, 3u will undo the last 3 actions. To undo all changes at once use the command.

Redo

Redo has the opposite effect to undo. It allows you to return to the state before using the undo command. You can perform a redo using any of the commands listed below.

Ctrl + r while in Normal mode.
: red while in the Command-line mode.

Saving and Exiting Vim

Exiting Vim can be tricky for beginners. This table introduces the different commands used to exit Vim and explains when to use them.

Command	Function
`: w`	Save changes to the file.
`: wq`	Save all changes to the file before exiting Vim.
`: q!`	Exit Vim without saving changes made to the file.
`: qa!`	Exit all open files without saving changes made to them.

Buffer and Swap Space

Buffer

A buffer is a temporary storage area for text in Vim. When you open a file in Vim, the file's contents are loaded into a buffer. The buffer is stored in RAM, which is the computer's short-term memory. This means that the file's contents are only available while Vim is running. When you edit a file in Vim, you are editing the contents of the buffer. Any changes you make to the buffer are not saved to the file until you save the file. When you save a file, Vim writes the contents of the buffer back to the file on disk. This ensures that your changes are saved permanently.

Swap Space

A swap file is a temporary file that Vim creates to store the contents of a buffer. Vim creates a swap file whenever you open a file or make a change to a file. Vim copies the buffer content to the file only when you save the buffer. However, Vim periodically copies the buffer content to a swap file. This is done to ensure that you can recover your changes in case of a crash or power outage. The swap file is created in the same directory as the file you are editing. The name of the swap file is the same as the name of the file, with a .swp extension.

If Vim crashes or you lose power while you are editing a file, you can use the :recover command to recover your changes from the swap file. The :recover command will open the swap file and restore the contents of the buffer to the file.

Vim Help System

There are several ways to access the Vim help system. One common way is by using the command below while in command-line mode. The : help command displays the entire help manual about Vim.

: help

To get help on a particular topic, you can extend the : help command in the format : help <specific topic>. The example below uses the command to get help with buffer.

: help buffer

But there are times you might not know the exact topic. In this cases, you can use the : helpgrep <phrases command to access help.

: helpgrep

Conclusion

In conclusion, Vim is a powerful and versatile text editor, that offers an efficient way to edit files. Don't worry about memorizing all commands; pick up what you need and grow as you use Vim. Whether you're a coding enthusiast or a writer, embrace Vim's unique approach to text editing.

Explore more tech tips and tricks on my blog! Happy Vimming! 😊🚀

Hakeem M.